parts of maize weevil

Maize weevil is one of the most serious, internal feeding pests of maize seed and grain. This species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed. Experiments were conducted to find out the role of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. occurs in all warm and tropical parts of the world especially in locations where maize is grown. H�\Ut�W��9��7�!n܄�� �I��`Iě��,�1T��k�����Hg�o�QLu�x�P�E. It is a pest of stored maize, dried cassava, yam, common sorghum and wheat. stream Pesticide free methods of maize weevil control in stored maize for developing countries Denis Bbosa Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at:https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of theAgriculture Commons, and theBioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and … Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais; another view of the four (very) faint, reddish spots at the corner of the wing case. 338). Sitophilus zeamais(maize weevil) is a field and storage pest of maize of economic importance in several parts of Africa. We further investigated the expression profiles of those candidate OBP genes by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. For small infestations, freezing for several days and then heating for 24 hours is affective. Final proposal.01 orginal. The rest were expressed in the legs, wings, or other tested tissues. Both adults and larvaefeed on internally on maize grains and an infestation can start in the field (when the cob is still on the plant) but most damage occurs in storage. Maize weevil, greater grain weevil, greater rice weevil. 328). ResearchArticle Role of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Twenty-six of forty-one maize weevil OBP genes were highly expressed in the antennae or other parts of the head. The thorax is densely pitted with somewhat irregularly shaped punctures, except for a smooth narrow strip extending down the middle of the dorsal (top) side. It is the dominant Sitophilus species found in rice granaries in all but the southern part of Thailand1. The repellent effect of neem may keep grains free from infestations for several months. endstream Malathion: i) as a spray; treat grain and do not use for food within 90 days of treatment; ii) as a dust; treat grain and do not use for food within 14 days of treatment. %PDF-1.5 It lives in many tropical areas around the world, and in the United States. Worldwide. This species attacks both crops that are still growing and those that have been harvested. H�j 0 � � It can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world, and in the United States, and is a major pest of maize. /Length1 81592 Infestations can start in the field, but most damage occurs in storage. Adults are 3-4 mm long, reddish-brown to black (Photos 1&2), with four light reddish to yellowish spots at the corners of the wing cases (Photo 3&4). /OPM 1 In sub-tropical and tropical countries. Corn Gibbons Gail 9780823422456 Amazon com Books. Pesticides for control of weevils are available, but the resource poor farmers of the developing world often cannot afford them. Weevil adults attack whole grains, and larvae cryptically feed and develop within grains3. endobj The maize weevil is found in all warm and tropical parts of the world. Secondary damage is caused by moulds, insects and mites. /BM /Normal The maize weevil is very similar to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (see Fact Sheet no. Neonicotinoids: e.g., imidocloprid. Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is a cosmopolitan insect and causes great damage to stored grains. /Supplement 0 The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. Note, toys can sometimes be filled with grain and act as a source of infestation; so too can dried flowers. 7 0 obj /Length 11 July 2018 ; Food Quality and Safety 2(3) DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyy011. Maize Keep grain storage rooms, sheds, houses, or "cribs" clean. A 250 cm3 Kilner jar filled with 50 gm uninfested maize grains served as control. (*���(%�8H����8c�-�� f�ԉd�9�@6_IjH��9���(3=�D����R�1%? Look for the characteristic large emergence holes in the grain with irregular edges. Management of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) Using Different Grain Protectants S.A. Hakeem, R.A. Wani*, B.A. For small amounts, store maize, rice, wheat, etc., in plastic containers. Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais; adult side view. The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), known in the United States as the greater rice weevil, is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. Usually, the greater the number of weevils the nearer the source. It is a major pest of maize. /AIS false /Filter /FlateDecode 50 gm maize grains (SUWAN-1) was weighed into 250 cm3 Kilner glass jars and separately infested with 5pairs, 10 pairs and 15 pairs of S. zeamais for ninety days. S. oryzae, the rice weevil, and S. zeamais, the maize weevil, are found in all warm and tropical parts of the world, but S. oryzae may also be found in wheat stored in temperate climates. Commonly, loss of weight is up to 5%, but severe infestations increase the losses up to 40%. It is recorded from Australia, Fiji1, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Tonga. /Length 40441 The experiment was performed in the Entomology laboratory of Lamjung Campus at room temperature. Controlling of the pest by use of synthetic pesticides is raising serious concern on the environmental safety and consumer health hazards. >> Maize weevil can infest various stored agricultural products such as maize, sorghum, wheat, barley, rice and paddy The mobile application is available from the Google Play Store and Apple iTunes. The maize weevil has fully developed wings beneath its wing covers and can fly readily. 16 0 obj << S. zeamais are regarded as internal feeders of grains. endstream Treatment of grains for human consumption or for animal feed [make sure the product is labelled for use on rice, maize and small grains (barley, oats, wheat)]. Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.). If using sacks, do not reuse those that stored previous harvests. Locate the source and destroy it by wrapping the foods in heavy plastic bags or in sealed containers, and burn or bury deeply in the soil. An egg hatches in a few days into a soft, white, legless, fleshly grub which feeds on the interior of the grain kernel. S. zeamais is found in all tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world (Dobie, 1974). >> The female has a sex pheromone to attract males. Its affinity towards wheat is a growing concern. Materials and Methods Sitophilus zeamais culture. Malathion: apply to walls, floors, and inside of bins used to store the grain. << Beginning in Januaz’y and continuing through December adult weevil emergence occurred on days when the temperature reached 23.3° C. Weevil dispersal reached a peak about July 7 (average of three years). << London; and CABI (2015) Sitotroga zeamais (greater grain weevil) Crop Protection Compendium (www.cabi.org/cpc); and from BioNET-EAFRINET Keys and Fact Sheets (http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/maize_pests/key/maize_pests/Media/Html/Sitophilus_zeamais_Motschulsky_1855_-_Maize_Weevil.htm). << Note that identification of Sitophilus zeamais is difficult because of its similarity with Sitophilus oryzae, and needs to be done by a taxonomist. Asia, Africa, North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, Oceania. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/maize_pests/key/maize_pests/Media/Html/Sitophilus_zeamais_Motschulsky_1855_-_Maize_Weevil.htm. CABI says that "Sitophilus zeamais is predominantly found associated with maize grain, whereas Sitophilus oryzae is associated with wheat". Females lay up to 150 eggs placed in holes chewed into the grain and plugged with a gelatinous substance. Perhaps a method to avoid if seed is for growing. %���� /op false Nehvi Dry Land Agriculture Research Station, Budgam, SKUAST-Kashmir, J & K, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T leaf … stream Neem. >> Note care must be taken to ensure that the treated seed does not contaminate that used for human consumption. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. /Filter /FlateDecode (Source: maize.agron.iastate.edu) In line with the figure above, the kernel parts indicated include: The pericarp or hull (thin covering which enclose the kernel). Download /N 1 )U!���$5�X�3/9�� �(�$5�j�%V*�'��&*���r" (,!��!�0b;�C��Ң2(��ɘ� � I�8/ Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, clearly showing four light reddish to yellowish spots at the corners of the wing case. This weevil is transported to all over the world in grain shipments and establish wherever there is food and where grain moisture and can temperature are favorable. Pyrethrins: Used as a grain protectant (sometimes with piperonyl butoxide). A very destructive weevil, with the adults attacking sound grain, and the adults and the larvae feeding inside them, leaving large cavities and emergence holes. The article summarizes research dynamics on maize weevil postharvest association with maize grain and addressed grain quality and safety after pest-control process. The bean stem weevil (Alcidodes leucogrammus), bores into the base of the stem of French bean (Phaseolus) or cowpea (Vigna) plants and lays a small number of eggs. During large infestations, heat and moisture are produced, leading to colonisation by moulds and mites. different parts of a grain Health Value Of. 13 0 obj endobj H�b``������$����WR����~�������|@���T��#���2S/`M. In stored maize, heavy infestation of weevil cause weight losses of with ranges from 30-40% (Paneru et al., 1996). Note that many storage pests are resistant to malathion. CULTURAL CONTROLIt is most important to dry the grain properly, to keep the storage area clean, and to monitor the grain often and regularly. Android Edition These hatch in about 6 days to larvae. Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais; adult, view from above. /Type /ExtGState Overall, control is similar to that recommended for the rice weevil (see Fact Sheet no. /OP false To determine the relative resistance in storage, 9 pipelines and a variety WK 1204 were used as treatments. ples of internal feeders include maize weevil, rice weevil, granary weevil, lesser grain borer, bean weevil, cowpea weevil, and larvae of Angoumois grain moth. Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), the maize weevil, is a serious pest of economic importance in stored products in tropical and subtropical countries; infestation often starts in the field, but serious damage is done during maize storage. Remove old kernels, and sweep floors, walls, doors, and vents to collect seeds, grain powder and dust, and burn them before storing the new harvest. 328). A three-year study of the maize weevil dispersing from a corn storage bin was made at Baton Rouge. Adult female S. zeamais cause damage by boring into the kernel and laying eggs (ovipositing). >> Fifty unsexed 3-6 days old maize weevil adults were introduced to each glass jar containing 0.1kg muyra-2 seed. It then began to decline. Family of Curculionidae, maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is a small weevil about 2.4 – 4.5 mm in length with its head protruded into a snout or a distinct beak or proboscis. Maize weevil is one of the most serious, internal feeding pests of maize seed and grain. Its biology was previously reported by Longstaff2. /Length 216 It must not be used for animal consumption, poultry feed or mixed with animal feed. The larvae feed on the stem tissue and damage the plant, sometimes causing the stem to break off or fall over. Females lay up to 150 eggs placed in holes chewed into the grain and plugged with a gelatinous substance. Controlling of the pest by use of synthetic pesticides is raising serious concern on the environmental safety and consumer health hazards. Photo 3. The maize weevil is very similar to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (see Fact Sheet no. S. zeamais is found in all tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world (Dobie, 1974). Phylogenic analysis indicated that most maize weevil OBPs were closely related to their orthologues in other beetles of the Superfamily Curculionoidea. The maize weevil is very similar to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (see Fact Sheet no. AUTHOR Grahame Jackson1Information from Swaine G (1971) Agricultural Zoology in Fiji. Sitophilus zeamais [maize weevil) is a field and storage pest of maize of economic importance in several parts of Africa. Phosphine: Used as a fumigant; grain is covered by a tarpaulin or in other ways sealed for the duration of the fumigation. Biological control of the pest is still not very successful Gillespie et al., 2006), whereas much hope lies in host-plant resistance and biopesticides. The maize weevil also infests other types of stored, processed cereal products such as pasta, cassava, and variou… The procedure is carried out by certified operators. Similar cautions apply as for pyrethroids (above). Before storage: CHEMICAL CONTROLIf pesticides are needed, use the following:Routine hygiene treatments. Photo 1. Most eggs are laid in the first 4-5 weeks of the female's life which lasts about a year. Endosperm (starch section of the kernel both soft and hard starch. Maize and the maize weevil: Advances and innovations in postharvest control of the pest. This fact sheet is a part of the app Pacific Pests and Pathogens. Look for a dull red-brown to nearly black weevil, with faint yellowish or reddish spots on its back, at the corners of the wing cases (Photos 3&4). /Filter /FlateDecode The grub changes to a naked white pupa and later … If there is an infestation, locate it by putting sticky traps around the room or warehouse where it occurred. Apple iOS Edition. Other insect species develop on the cracked or bro- ken kernels and grain dust, which can be produced by harvesting or binning procedures. stream Development is about 35 days under optimal cnmditions.            During large infestations, heat and moisture are produced, leading to colonisation by moulds and mites. Look for the adults, with long snouts (about 1 mm). Photo 4. 9 0 obj /CA 1 endobj endobj 15 0 obj Draw a diagram of a male gametophyte of an angiosperm. Produced with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research under project PC/2010/090: Strengthening integrated crop management research in the Pacific Islands in support of sustainable intensification of high-value crop production, implemented by the University of Queensland and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. /Registry (Adobe) Authors: Luke Chinaru Nwosu. /SMask /None /ca 1 This study evaluated S. zeamais infestation on seven varieties of maize. on spread of green fungus, Aspergillus section flavi, in different varieties of stored maize in laboratory in 2016. ALWAYS CHECK WHETHER THE PRODUCT IS FOR TREATING EQUIPMENT, BINS AND BUILDINGS OR FOR TREATING GRAIN FOR HUMAN USE AND ANIMAL FEED. The maize kernel and their parts. Sieving has been used as a method of removing adult weevils, but it is very labour intensive. 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